NTT and Inverse NTT Quantum Circuits in CRYSTALS-Kyber for Post-Quantum Security Evaluation

The emergence of quantum computers threatens current cryptographic systems, and NIST is preparing for the post-quantum era through cryptography (PQC) contest. CRYSTALS-Kyber a lattice-based cipher suite that used as PQC standard. Lattice-based considered quantum-safe computing because algorithm can more efficiently solve lattice problem compared to classic has not been reported yet. In this paper, we present circuits tailored NTT inverse NTT, employed optimized polynomial multiplication within CRYSTALS-Kyber. proposed operate at Z3329[X]/(X256+1), which are parameters We provide an in-depth description NTT/InvNTT circuit’s operation subsequently assess analyze resources necessary these functions. comprise four unique sub-functions, with InvNTT additionally incorporating Barrett reduction. To best our knowledge, represents inaugural implementation circuits. anticipate findings will aid in analyzing security strengths cryptography.